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Thomas Johann Seebeck (; 9 April 1770 – 10 December 1831) was a physicist who in 1821 discovered the thermoelectric effect. Seebeck was born in Reval (today Tallinn, Estonia) to a wealthy Baltic German merchant family. He received a medical degree in 1802 from the University of Göttingen, but preferred to study physics. In 1821 he discovered the thermoelectric effect, where a junction of dissimilar metals produces an electric current when exposed to a temperature gradient. This is now called the Peltier–Seebeck effect and is the basis of thermocouples and thermopiles. ==Seebeck effect== In 1821 Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a circuit made from two dissimilar metals with junctions at different temperatures would deflect a compass magnet.〔See: * Seebeck, T. J. (1825) ("Magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperatur-Differenz" ) (Magnetic polarization of metals and minerals by temperature differences), ''Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin'' (Treatises of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin), pp. 265-373. * Seebeck (1826) ("Ueber die Magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperatur-Differenz," ) (On the magnetic polarization of metals and minerals by temperature differences), ''Annalen der Physik und Chemie'', 6 : 1-20, 133-160, 253-286.〕 Seebeck initially believed this was due to magnetism induced by the temperature difference. However, it was quickly realized that it was an electric current that is induced, which by Ampere's law deflects the magnet. More specifically, the temperature difference produces an electric potential (voltage) which can drive an electric current in a closed circuit. Today, this effect is known as the Peltier–Seebeck effect. The voltage produced is proportional to the temperature difference between the two junctions. The proportionality constant (a) is known as the Seebeck coefficient, and often referred to as the thermoelectric power or thermopower. The Seebeck voltage does not depend on the distribution of temperature along the metals between the junctions. This effect is the physical basis for a thermocouple, which is used often for temperature measurement. The voltage difference, ''V'', produced across the terminals of an open circuit made from a pair of dissimilar metals, A and B, whose two junctions are held at different temperatures, is directly proportional to the difference between the hot and cold junction temperatures, ''T''h − ''T''c. The voltage or current produced across the junctions of two different metals is caused by the diffusion of electrons from a high electron density region to a low electron density region, as the density of electrons is different in different metals. The conventional current flows in the opposite direction. If both junctions are kept at same temperature, an equal amount of electron diffuses at both of them. Therefore the currents at the two junctions are equal and opposite and the net current is zero, and if both the junctions are kept at different temperatures then diffusions at the two junctions are different and hence a different amount of current is produced. Therefore the net current is non-zero. This phenomenon is known as thermoelectricity. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thomas Johann Seebeck」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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